Drawing of India with the words "EV Ecosystem" and a green lightning bolt all layered above an EV landscape.

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How The EV Ecosystem Can Drive EV Adoption in India 

In-home EV charging is quickly becoming a [go-to for EV drivers across India](https://www.pwc.com/us/en/industries/industrial-products/library/electric-vehicles-charging-infrastructure.html) due to its unmatched convenience. As a result, the country is incentivizing RWAs to install charging stations on their premises, further boosting EV adoption among residents. 

However, despite some state governments’ initiatives to streamline the installation process through a single window process, RWAs are still grappling with several challenges. RWAs have much to consider before taking on this project — specific building codes, varying compatibility between chargers and EVs, state and municipal regulations, etc. 

To help RWAs navigate through this maze, this article takes an in-depth look at the following questions:
- How to decide on the right chargers for the community?
- What arrangements has the Indian government made to ensure safe and reliable in-home EV charging installation? 
- How to meet government regulations to ensure the quick setup of EV charging points?

## What Defines the Right Charger?

As discussed in part 2 of this residential EV charging series, RWAs have to choose the best charger that fulfills both government guidelines and residents' needs. The Indian market has three broad types of chargers, as shown in the table below:

![Table displaying 3 types of chargers on the EV market and their corresponding capacity, vehicle types, and approximate charging time for a 26 kW car.](/uploads/Table_1_15f2a696ce.jpg)

RWAs can’t simply choose one type or another if they truly want to meet their community’s needs. Instead, they need to opt for a combination of two or three types when possible to ensure all current and future EV owners have access to in-home EV charging. 

To determine the right combination of chargers for their communities, RWAs should consider the current number and type of EVs and estimate future needs.  

RWAs also have to consider local laws and regulations before selecting a charger. The [Bureau of Energy Efficiency](https://evyatra.beeindia.gov.in/central-govt-initiative-details/mop-2022/), for example, provides detailed guidelines on the numbers and types of chargers RWAs need, with instructions on technical and safety specifications. 

Following these guidelines and selecting the correct charging infrastructure not only ensures a safe and reliable in-home EV charging experience for residents, but can save RWAs time, money, and frustration in the future by guaranteeing their community’s needs are met. 

## Challenges to Installing In-Home EV Charging Stations 

When reviewing the guidelines for residential charging station installation, RWAs face several challenges, most notably: 
- Poor awareness of the state's EV policy
- Lack of appropriate legislation to handle the frictions that come between RWAs and residents for EV installation
- No clarity on the required permits

As a result, installing in-home EV charging stations becomes a time-consuming task that takes a lot of effort. To make matters worse, the guidelines around in-home EV charging installation are ambiguous. The existing legislation may also not favor the RWAs, as EV adoption is still in the nascent stage in India.

Judicious planning and extensive research into government policies can alleviate some of these woes for RWAs. The following section will examine some of the most relevant guidelines and requirements for RWAs to look into when choosing in-home EV charging solutions. By understanding these challenges, RWAs can step closer to supplying their community with safe, affordable, and reliable charging infrastructure. 

## Understanding Government Requirements for In-Home EV Charging In India

India has delicensed the installation of EV charging stations, meaning anyone can set them up. RWAs, however, still have to comply with national, state, and city municipal corporations' regulations. 

The below sections have consolidated four of the main provisions RWAs should keep in mind. This should help assess the next steps when it comes to meeting these requirements and beginning the in-home EV charging installation. 

### 1. Government Guidelines to Install In-Home EV Charging

At the national level, the Indian Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MOHUA) and the National Power Ministry laid down the guidelines for residential EV chargers. Some [combined mandates](https://mohua.gov.in/upload/whatsnew/5c6e472b20d0aGuidelines%20(EVCI).pdf) are:
- RWAs must apply for commercial metering. Often, this means an application for a new EV connection
- 20% of parking space must be allocated for EVs
- Open metering and on-spot payment must be available to all users
- The RWA must install 
  - One slow charger for every three 4-wheelers
  - One fast charger for every ten 4-wheelers
  - One slow charger for every two 3-wheelers
  - One slow charger for every two 2-wheelers
  - One fast charger for every 10 EV buses

Besides the above regulations, every state government and even city municipal corporations have EV policies defining rules ensuring uniformity and safety when installing EV infrastructure. 

### 2. Permits for In-Home EV Charging Installation

RWAs don’t need licenses to set up EV charging infrastructure, but they still need some permits to ensure all the work done is up to code. Most notably, RWAs need to: 
- Apply to the local power distribution company for additional load
- Install appropriate electrical and civil works for safe EV charging installations
- Meet the Power Ministry's mandatory minimum charger requirements
- Choose equipment tested and accredited by the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration (NABL)
- Share the data collected from EV charging stations with the appropriate State Nodal Agency (SNA).

In states that have implemented a [single window policy](https://bolt.earth/blog/ev-installation-single-window-process-explained), RWAs simply have to follow the application process. All other steps and permits will be handled by the state’s DISCOM and chosen vendors.

Even if the state has not implemented a single window process yet, the application process has been simplified across India. RWAs can apply for a new power connection online or through a form at the local office. 

### 3. Safety and Technical Standards for In-Home EV Charging

In India, the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) defines technical specifications for EV charging stations. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) then certifies EV chargers meet the established safety and technical standards. The [BIS standards](https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/bis-standard) are:
- AC (slow) connectors must adhere to IS-17017-Part-2 standard
- DC (fast) connectors with a power output of 50kW to 200kW must adhere to IS-17017-Part-23 standard
- DC (fast) connectors with a power output of less than 7kW must follow the IS-17017-Part-25 standard

When buying EV chargers, RWAs must check if the equipment complies with the BIS standards for safety reasons. Approved vendors on the single window portals already meet these requirements, so RWAs can take advantage of this. 

![Drawing of the 4 key arrangements to help RWAs set up in-home EV charging stations: installation guidelines, permits for installation, safety and technical standards, incentives and subsidies.](/uploads/IG_1_3ab6816210.jpg)

### 4. Government Incentives and Subsidies for In-Home EV Charging 

To curb installation costs, RWAs can explore the following incentives and subsidies offered by governments:
- Karnataka offers a capital subsidy of 25% on equipment for the first 100 fast-charging stations
- Madhya Pradesh provides a capital subsidy of 25% of the EV charging equipment for the first 300 charging stations. This is capped at Rs 2 lakh for small stations and Rs 4 lakh for medium stations
- Kerala offers a 25% subsidy on capital equipment with a maximum cap of Rs 30,000
- Telangana offers a 25% subsidy capped at Rs 5 lakh for housing societies with more than 200 families
- Odisha provides Rs 5,000 for the first 20,000 private charging points in residential and non-residential buildings
- Andhra Pradesh offers a capital subsidy of 25%, capped at Rs 30,000 for DC chargers below 100V. Applicable only for the first 300 stations
- Gujarat provides a 25% capital subsidy with a cap of Rs 10 lakhs per station 

The state’s single window process can automatically deduce these subsidies. However, if a single window portal isn’t available, RWAs can approach their local power distribution companies and vendors to get information on applying for these subsidies. 

Each of the four requirements above can be daunting for RWAs, especially in the absence of a single window process. That’s why the following section examines the exact steps RWAs can take to navigate bureaucratic complexities, thereby streamlining the installation process and alleviating the burden on RWAs. 

## 4 Steps to Navigate Government Requirements

Despite the many guidelines to keep in mind, installing in-home EV charging stations is one of the simpler processes in India. That’s because national and state governments are taking concrete steps to simplify the tasks for RWAs. 

However, following the below steps can greatly alleviate the pressure off RWAs, ensuring they can quickly set up in-home charging points to benefit residents and generate revenue. It also helps RWAs gain several benefits, as shown in the image below.

![Drawing of the benefits RWAs gain from understanding government guidelines: Comply with policies and guidelines, ensure the work is up to code, get more support from residents, ensure the installation process is safe for everyone, and make the charging points more profitable.](/uploads/IG_2_1_80d9ce0f75.jpg)

### 1. Know the EV Policies Beforehand

National and state governments are pushing for EV adoption because of its many environmental and economic benefits. That’s why Indian states are putting together favorable policies. So before beginning the process, RWAs should seek to understand the policies and how they can benefit from them: 
- Visit the state government’s official online portal to check the EV policy 
- Get familiar with regulations laid down by MOHUA and the Power Ministry of India regarding the charger specifications
- Talk to the city/municipal corporation to understand the requirements, if any, for installation

Besides reading through these policies, RWAs can talk to other communities that have implemented EV chargers. They can also read case studies to understand how other communities have tackled bureaucratic challenges. This will help them place their community on the right track to comply with these policies. 

### 2. Get the Necessary Permits

The process to get permits can vary depending on the presence of a single window process in the state. So, an important second step for RWAs is to know whether to pursue the permits themselves. To do that, they can: 
- Check if their respective state's EV policy has a single window system 
- Follow the guidelines described in the EV policy to start the application process
- Visit the local DISCOM office to know the permits required 
- Fill out the necessary application forms, especially if a dedicated electricity connection is required
- Talk to the EV charging vendors, as they have information on the respective state's requirements 

The [Power Ministry](https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1843535) has mandated new connections to be provided within a short time frame of the application — seven days in metro cities, fifteen in municipal corporations, and thirty in rural areas. Accordingly, RWAs can plan the next steps, like completing civil works, raising money if needed, and buying EV chargers. 

It’s also important to note that assessing the scope of work needed for the installation process is key to having a comprehensive view of the permits needed. The table below can help RWAs identify what type of work their community needs. Based on this assessment, RWAs can get the permits to begin the projects. 

![Image that shows guidelines to follow when estimating the scope of work. It is divided into two columns: type of work, and who implements it](/uploads/Table_2_b461b12f8d.jpg)

### 3. Comply with Safety Standards

India doesn’t lay down specific guidelines for in-home EV charging in communities. However, to guarantee residents’ safety, different government agencies have laid down universal guidelines for the safe use of chargers. 

RWAs can:
- Check with the vendor to see if the selected EV chargers meet [the BIS standards](https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/bis-standard) 
- Get familiar with the [Central Electricity Authority's guidelines](https://cea.nic.in/old/reports/others/enc/legal/cea_safety_regulations.pdf) for the general safety of EV stations. Though they are mostly applicable to public charging stations, RWAs can follow them for additional safety
- Set up a fire detection and alarm system for additional safety. RWAs can also have a fire retardant installed close to the EV charging points

Taking these additional safety steps will help RWAs gain more support from their residents. Doing so will also help RWAs avoid dangerous incidents in their communities.

### 4. Look and Apply for Subsidies

Both national and state governments provide subsidies for setting up EV charging stations. Some states even offer discounts on power tariffs, and RWAs can leverage them to bring down installation and maintenance costs.

RWAs can:
- Apply directly through the single window portal, if applicable. The system will provide the final cost after deducting the eligible subsidies
- Fill out a form at the local DISCOM office to get the power tariff subsidy credited directly to the RWA's bank account 
- Enter into an agreement with the EV charger vendors, where the vendor discounts the setup costs equal to the eligible subsidy 

Knowing which subsidies the RWA is eligible for will help minimize back and forths during the installation process.  It will also ensure residents and office bearers are not overspending on in-home EV charging infrastructure, meaning the community’s in-home charging points are more profitable for the RWAs. 

Following the above steps can help RWAs navigate all the different government requirements quickly. In doing so, they can make in-home EV charging more accessible for residents and pave the way for wider EV adoption in their communities.

## Making In-Home EV Charging Accessible and Easy for Years to Come

In-home EV charging can fill the gaps in India's EV charging infrastructure – it's a convenient and cost-effective solution compared to public charging stations.

However, RWAs continue to face many challenges, despite a dedicated EV policy and single window systems in some states. But by understanding the different components and guidelines that dictate the installation process for in-home EV charging stations, RWAs can know how to navigate them to avoid hiccups in the road. 

However, to expand the benefits of in-home charging and encourage wider adoption, RWAs can petition the government for a single window system if the state doesn't have one already. RWAs can also request simplified and practical regulations that address their concerns surrounding EV installations.

By taking proactive steps and working with relevant stakeholders, RWAs can revolutionize in-home charging, making it more accessible for all communities while contributing to a cleaner environment. 

The fourth and final part of this series will discuss one of the innovative technologies that will help RWAs gain more benefits from installing in-home EV charging stations — solar charging systems.

To learn more about in-home EV charging, please see the FAQ and Resources sections below.

## FAQ
### What are the benefits of in-home EV charging?
Charging at home helps RWAs to earn a steady revenue from the charging while catering to their residents’ needs. The presence of [in-home EV charging sockets](https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/bolt-launches-ev-charging-sockets-for-homes/articleshow/94477094.cms?from=mdr) can increase property value and make a community more attractive to EV owners. Additionally, in-home EV charging can increase EV adoption as well.
### What types of EV chargers are available for home installation?
[Three types](https://ddc.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/reports/residential_ev_charging_guidebook_0.pdf) of chargers are available for home installation in India: slow level 1, slow level 2, and fast chargers. The main difference is the time they take to charge. Level 1 chargers take about 8 to 10 hours, level 2 chargers take about 4 to 6 hours, and fast chargers can charge in about 1 to 3 hours. 
### How do I determine the right EV charger for my home and car?
The right home EV charger depends on the types of EV (2-, 3-, or 4-wheelers) used by residents. RWAs can start with a survey of the existing vehicles and [their expected growth](https://bolt.earth/blog/future-electric-vehicles-india) in their community before deciding on the type and number of chargers required in their respective communities. 
### How long does it take to install an in-home EV charger?
The installation time varies from state to state. In [Delhi](https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/bolt-installs-10k-ev-charging-points-in-india/90423480), for example, the government has mandated that EV chargers must be installed within seven days of receiving an application from an RWA. In other states, it could take longer, depending on whether they have a single window system or other guidelines. 
### What factors should I consider when choosing an installer for in-home EV charging?
Consider the existing number and types of EVs as the starting point to choose an [in-home EV charger](https://bolt.earth/blog/affordable-slow-chargers-for-country-wide-ev-network). Also keep in mind the cost of chargers, the additional civil and electrical work needed, and space availability. 
### What are the government incentives or rebates available for in-home EV charging installation?
Most states provide [subsidies on power tariffs](https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/electric-vehicle). Often, commercial connections are charged at the rate of residential connections for a limited number of years. Besides this, states like Delhi offer an incentive of up to Rs 6,000 for every charger. 
### Can I install an in-home EV charger myself or should I hire a professional?
It's best to hire professionals for [EV charger installation](https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-08/HandbookforEVChargingInfrastructureImplementation081221.pdf) as they have the experience and expertise to get the installation right. They can look into technical feasibility and safety and may recommend additional civil and electrical work. 

## Resources
### Tamil Nadu: EV Policy
Learn the process of [in-home EV Installation](https://powermin.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/EV/Tamilnadu.pdf). 

### Central Electricity Authority: EV Charging Guidelines
Learn the guidelines for [EV charging in India](https://cea.nic.in/ev-charging/?lang=en).

### Press Information Bureau Government of India: Government of India Sets Policy for EV Charging Stations
Understand the [guidelines and government requirements for EV setups in India](https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1797350). 

### Bureau of Energy Efficiency: State-Wise Guidelines
Know the [state-wise guidelines](https://evyatra.beeindia.gov.in/state-govt/) for EV installation.


Drawing of an apartment complex with several EV charging stations charging different types of EVs.

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How RWAs Can Navigate Government Guidelines for Efficient In-Home EV Charging Installation

image of a hand using a computer with different components, and an EV charging to the side.

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EV Charging in Apartments and RWAs: Simplifying Installation in India

Image of India with a network of charging stations dotted across the country.

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The Importance of Affordable Slow Chargers in Building a Robust Country-Wide EV Network

Image of a house with several EV charging points, creating a residential EV charging ecosystem.

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Best Practices for Achieving a Sustainable Residential EV Charging Ecosystem

India today has the potential to [revolutionize sustainable mobility](https://jmkresearch.com/electric-vehicles-published-reports/annual-india-ev-report-card-fy2022/) in a way that hasn't been since the early 1900s, providing transformational opportunities for players in the auto industry to reinvent themselves. 

However, to succeed in this mobility transformation, the auto industry can’t rely solely on EV manufacturing and production, but must also look into the technology and software that will enable the new "computers on wheels" to become ubiquitous. 

In particular, auto-makers require the DNA, or the Operating System (OS) to power the new EVs and build the ecosystem that will drive EV adoption. That said, automakers are expert car manufacturers, but usually don't have the technical know-how and experience to successfully build EV operating systems. 

This is where collaborative partnerships with EV OS makers can help develop and implement advanced EV software solutions that will support the safe, efficient, and reliable operations of these vehicles.

At the heart of every software-enabled system is an operating system. Take the case of your smartphone, for example. Though you have many apps for doing different things, it's the underlying Android or iOS operating system that enables you to use these apps and provides a seamless user experience. Similarly, an OS will enable communication among the different EV components while providing a safe and reliable driving experience. 

In this article, we focus on three key questions:
- What are the current challenges in EV software?
- Why does the EV industry need to upgrade its software?
- How can EV software solutions optimize EVs?

## Challenges for The Indian EV Market

Though EV OS is already playing a critical role in the EV industry, several challenges in software development and hardware mapping continue to impede the sustainable development and adoption of EVs in India. This is a common challenge faced by many countries, including China, one of the most dominant and comparable global EV markets today.  

According to [Miao Wei](https://www.guancha.cn/qiche/2022_09_06_656858.shtml), the former Minister of Industry and IT in China, two prominent issues continue to plague the Chinese EV industry: 1) semiconductor shortages and 2) lack of comprehensive and advanced operating systems.

Conversely, India has a rich talent pool of software engineers and supportive government policies, so the country may not face the same issues as China. That said, obstacles persist among the EV software industry. 

Below we take a detailed look at four primary challenges and explore what needs to be done. 

### 1. Integration with Hardware
#### The Challenge

[EV software is multilayered](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261170276_System_architecture_and_software_design_for_Electric_Vehicles) and interacts with different pieces of hardware through its tech stack. For example, the surface layer of EV software connects cars to phones, while the layer below it is the infotainment layer that handles GPS, touchscreens, air conditioning, etc. The base layer is the mission-critical layer that connects with different sensors and chips to ensure the car is functioning as it should. 

From a maintenance standpoint, EV software must be able to send accurate analytics and diagnostics data in real-time to help technicians troubleshoot problems efficiently. But this extensive and complex software stack can’t function properly without a well-developed OS that can integrate different types of hardware from multiple vendors. 

#### The Solution

Industry bodies can create standards for software makers to follow, ensuring compatibility with all different hardware layers. Properly developed communication protocols will also ease this problem, improving communication speeds and the vehicle’s efficiency. Furthermore, universal adoption of an EV OS can create an ecosystem for powering different applications.

### 2. User Experience (UX)
#### The Challenge

Good UX allows every individual to customize their EVs to match their preferences. Ideally, a vehicle’s UX should enable users to interact with all the different controls in their car. But creating great UX requires an ecosystem that scales well to support the vehicle's operations and the user's preferences. 

![header.jfif](/uploads/header_5e44b5c141.jfif)

#### The Solution
UX designers can leverage the power of AI and machine learning to customize user experience. They can also tap into the power of an OS to offer incremental updates to the UI, which in turn, will help meet different customers’ needs and accelerate the shift to EVs. When built and scaled properly with an advanced operating system, UX can also help EVs become more secure and reliable, improving EV drivers’ overall experience.  
### 3. Security
#### The Challenge
A recent [report by Upstream Automotive](https://upstream.auto/2021report/) shows the frequency of cyberattacks on cars has increased by 225% from 2018 to 2021. This exponential rise was most likely due to EVs becoming more advanced and therefore requiring additional technology, resulting in a larger attack surface. 
#### The Solution
Every EV software maker must make cybersecurity an essential component of the development process. To do that, they must use up-to-date cloud services to manage charging stations. Software makers should also secure drivers’ personal information, using chargers with role-based access to prevent misuse. Furthermore, an OS can provide greater control and visibility, leading to early detection and remediation of threats. Although these measures won’t completely eradicate security threats, EV software powered by a state-of-the-art OS will surely improve EV safety. 
### 4. Interoperability
#### The Challenge
EV drivers currently rely on [mobile applications and access cards](https://www.ceew.in/cef/masterclass/analysis/interoperability-of-public-electric-vehicle-charging-in-india) to use charging stations operated by different providers. However, each provider’s access card only works at their station, which is highly inconvenient for drivers. This also increases range anxiety as drivers may struggle to find a charging station compatible with their cards. 
#### The Solution
Unified access will improve the charging process’ efficiency, increasing EV adoption rates.  Additionally, the [CEEW Center for Energy Finance in India](https://www.ceew.in/cef/solutions-factory/publications/financing-india-transition-to-electric-vehicles) is encouraging charging point operators, EV platforms, and mobility service providers to create compatible systems.  

To address the above challenges and deliver the best possible driving experience to EV consumers, the auto industry must continue to partner with EV OS makers who offer a single, cohesive tech stack for all EV software applications. 
## The Need for Upgraded Software in Today’s Market
Change is permanent, as old technologies give way to new ones. Rewind to Nokia and Blackberry, which dominated the cellphone market until Apple, Samsung, and Google emerged with new technologies. Similarly, the EV industry is likely to replace traditional ICE vehicles soon due to the rapid innovation occurring in the EV software space. EV OSs make it easy to send Over-The-Air (OTA) updates, and open up opportunities to create EV software with new features that reflect changing consumer expectations and the market as a whole. 

Below we examine four key drivers behind upgraded EV software.
### 1. Competitive Landscape
Competition is heating up in the Indian EV market, thanks to a [substantial push from the Indian government](https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/national-level-policy). For instance, India’s Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric vehicles (FAME) is creating more charging stations and providing incentives for consumers to purchase EVs. Consequently, we see many private players entering the Indian EV space. 

To stay ahead of the competition, more [OEMs are incorporating AI](https://www.electricalindia.in/indias-largest-ev-charging-network-bolt-deploys-the-pixis-ai-infrastructure-and-witnesses-incredible-results/) and self-healing algorithms that can reduce operational issues by 80%. At the same time, OEMs must also partner with EV OS providers to bring down total cost of ownership and boost EV adoption. To keep up with the competition, EV operating system developers need to upgrade to an OS that powers AI. 
### 2. Cybersecurity
Governments worldwide are coming up with [stringent standards for EV software](https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/download.php/59272/EV%20Charging%20Systems%20Security%20Requirements.pdf) like the TR 25 2022 in Singapore to battle the increase in cyberattacks. Every EV software maker today has to acknowledge these requirements and tailor their platform to comply with them. 

This increased focus on cybersecurity will therefore likely push EV manufacturers to embrace an advanced EV OS that supports built-in security mechanisms. 

![A lock on a background of zeros and ones.](/uploads/key_54b7a8183e.jpg)
### 3. Scaling Infrastructure
According to current estimates, high capital costs, incompatibility among charging providers, and numerous other issues represent a major gap between the currently available charging infrastructure and the anticipated growth. Unfortunately, this gap negatively impacts the country’s ability to scale and impedes adoption.

But this discrepancy could push [EV software tools and applications](https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_infrastructure.html) to evolve and bridge the gap. For instance, some advanced tools built on a cohesive OS can suggest the best place for EV infrastructure providers to set up new stations. Software apps may also help drivers plan their trips. Additionally, next-generation EV software tools can leverage machine learning-powered systems to forecast the future EV requirements of a community or city.
### 4. Fleet Management
As fleet operators shift to EVs, they are seeking streamlined solutions to consolidate and manage their EVs. Doing so should help them improve the overall user experience and gain a higher ROI. 

An EV OS can integrate hardware, software, and data solutions from multiple vendors, helping operators generate more accurate data about their fleet’s charging status. More advanced versions of EV software will also have the potential to provide all [data analytics](https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/13/12/237) in real-time through a single pane. This will help fleet operators make more informed decisions quickly.

Changing business dynamics and the adoption of a comprehensive EV OS will thus play a crucial role in the development of EV software ecosystem. In the next section, we examine what EV software makers can do to address the current challenges and leverage future opportunities.
## Optimizing Solutions Through EV Software
Optimizing EV software is essential to maximizing the benefits of electric mobility and overcoming the greatest challenges that the EV software industry is facing. Doing so can also help encourage greater adoption in the coming years. 

Below we look at three ways EV software makers and OEMs can optimize EV software for the future. 

![Infographic of 3 ways to optimize solutions through software: hardware-software integration, user-centered design, and data security.](/uploads/Blog_8_Infographic_1fb449f67f.jpg)

### 1. Hardware-Software Integration
Trends like Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) connectivity and energy-efficient powertrain solutions are fueling the demand for centralized control of vehicle functions. This in turn is driving up the need for highly efficient and heterogeneous multicore processors and a forward-looking OS that can handle this increasing load.

To meet these changing needs, software experts are designing a flexible software architecture. Doing so will help meet the demand for seamless communication among different hardware components. As a result, the software will support faster processing, improved efficiency, and scalability to add new applications and mapping. 
### 2. User-Centered Design
EVs present a unique opportunity for many innovative designs and interior spaces that can be customized to meet customers’ specific needs. As the EV market develops with new features and technologies, a [user-centered design](https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:843089/FULLTEXT01.pdf) is emerging as a viable option.

In this model, OEMs can take the different blocks of software, customize them to meet their vehicle model’s specific requirements, and build their own products on top of an OS that supports this modular approach. A user-centered design also brings together user experience and software development processes for quick scalability. 
### 3. Data Security
Connected vehicles can currently transfer information from charging stations to a whole network of vehicles. But this creates a major data security threat. Even a small misstep along this communication pipeline can have a disastrous security impact.

To address the growing cybersecurity challenges, many governments and industry bodies are developing standards and frameworks like [UL 4600, SOTIF, and ISO 26262](https://the26262club.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/5-Nicholas-Alexiades_UL_AV-Safety-Standards-Frameworks_032421.pdf). These standards govern data handling, AI and ML use of data, operational feedback, and the data pipeline.

As a result, EV software must be optimized to meet these emerging requirements. Software makers will also have to leverage the capability of a mature OS to integrate cybersecurity processes like penetration and fuzz testing at every stage of the development lifecycle. Doing so will reduce rework rates and make EVs more secure. 
## Colossal Impact for The Future
As the EV market continues to expand and evolve, industry stakeholders need to focus on adopting an advanced OS for building comprehensive and seamless software solutions to ensure a secure, efficient, and reliable transition to electric mobility.

EV software has the potential to provide a wide range of benefits, including increased efficiency, sustainability, and cost savings for EV owners. Additionally, the optimization through EV software can lead to longer battery life, faster charging times, and better overall performance of EVs. EV software can also enhance operations and streamline maintenance, reducing costs for manufacturers and consumers alike.  

Overall,  leveraging the power of an EV OS to build an EV software ecosystem is critical for unlocking the full potential of electric mobility. When done properly, EV software can also address many of the obstacles currently facing the industry. If companies focus on the three solutions above, they can improve the efficiency, safety, and user experience of their EV software solutions. This, in turn, can have a significant, positive impact on the [future of EV adoption in India](https://blog.bolt.earth/future-electric-vehicles-india/).

To learn more about EV Software, please see the FAQ and Resources sections below.

## FAQ
### How does EV software impact the ecosystem of India?
The impact of EV software on the ecosystem of India is multi-faceted, ranging from environmental benefits to economic opportunities. India can use software to optimize electric mobility, which will help it build a sustainable, low-carbon future. Developing EV software will also help provide jobs to India’s young and tech-savvy workforce.
### How does EV software impact the Indian automotive industry?
EV software has the potential to disrupt the Indian automotive industry and create new growth opportunities. The Indian government's EV push has created a new market for EV software providers to develop and sell their solutions to automakers, [charging infrastructure](https://blog.bolt.earth/ev-charging-infrastructure-pt-2/) providers, and [fleet operators](https://bolt.earth/all-solutions/fleet-operators). Additionally, EV software can make the Indian automotive industry more sustainable and environmentally friendly.
### How does EV software impact the Indian government's EV initiatives?
The adoption of EV software can help address critical EV adoption blockers like range anxiety, charging infrastructure, and battery performance. EV software solutions can also optimize charging patterns and grid integration. This makes EVs more cost-effective and reduces the burden on the power grid. With these varied impacts,  [EV software can help the Indian Government](https://bolt.earth/all-solutions#3) achieve its ambitious target of 30% electric vehicle penetration by 2030.
### How does EV software impact the Indian consumer market?
EV software has the potential to enhance the performance and efficiency of EVs, making them more attractive to consumers. EV software has also led to the [creation of new services](https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/bolt-installs-10k-ev-charging-points-in-india-fast-tracks-its-expansion-plans-122032401121_1.html) that help address consumers’ key concerns. Moreover, the increased adoption of EVs is expected to lead to lower operating costs, which could incentivize consumers to switch to EVs.
### What challenges does the Indian EV software industry face?
The Indian [EV software industry faces challenges](https://blogs.sw.siemens.com/ee-systems/2022/02/22/4-key-challenges-of-ev-software-development-and-how-to-overcome-them/) like limited standardization, low R&D investment, and cybersecurity risks. Addressing these challenges is vital for the long-term success of the industry. Though many initiatives are starting to develop seamless EV software, the results are not yet tangible enough to impact the EV industry.
## Resources
### Bolt.Earth: Official Website
Learn about Bolt.Earth’s products and services on our [official website](https://bolt.earth/). 
### EVReporter: How EV Software Enables Smart and Connectivity Features
Learn [why EV software is crucial to improving the overall EV driving experience](https://evreporter.com/software-for-electric-vehicles/). 
### Intellias: What Software Is Essential for Electric Vehicles?
Understand [the challenges EV software must](https://intellias.com/software-essential-electric-cars/) overcome in the Electric Vehicle industry. 
### eFaraday: Why Software Is So Important in Electric Vehicles
Learn about the [different types of software used in EVs and why they’re crucial](https://efaraday.co.uk/latest-news/why-is-software-so-important-in-electric-vehicles/). 



Infographic of a scooter on a phone, over a map of India. A person is navigating through apps, diagnostics, and charging points to customize their EV.

Blog 8_Graph.jpg

Exploring the Role of Software in Advancing EV Adoption

Blog-Header.jpg

The Future of Electric Vehicles in India: Opportunities and Challenges

#### Read BOLT's recommendations to Indian officials to support India's EV charging growth.

*This is the third part of BOLT's three-part analysis of India's EV charging infrastructure.*

At BOLT, we conducted a three-part market analysis on the electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in India. [The first article](https://blog.bolt.earth/ev-charging-infrastructure-pt-1/) established the current state of EV and EV charging in India. [In the second](https://blog.bolt.earth/ev-charging-infrastructure-pt-2/), we discussed the **opportunities and risks** of increased EV adoption in India. From these two articles, it's clear that EV charging infrastructure is set to grow in India. 

Now, we'll highlight some key strategic recommendations. We also hope this helps officials to make better decisions around the EV charging infrastructure.

## Maximizing the Economic Impact of the EV Transition in India: Possible Scenarios

India is a key market to **represent the transition to electric mobility** in the coming decade. More specifically, it can lead the way on how emerging economies should reach this goal. 

We can somewhat compare the EV and EV charging infrastructure worldwide to the smartphone market. Developed and emerging economies have starkly **different mobility and charging needs**. For instance, the share of 2-wheelers is much larger in emerging economies. This mirrors the dominance of the two largest smartphone operating systems--iOS and Android. 

In the long run, we believe the same will happen to the operating systems that power EVs and EV charging infrastructure. **Clear leaders will likely emerge** for the two distinct markets. Although market shares among different geographies may overlap, the difference will be clear. While some EV and Charger Operating Systems will offer an **open-source, peer-to-peer charging experience**, others may create **a closed ecosystem of charging services**,  depending on the local EV user base. 

Given the advent of EVs, we can also project a few main transitions that could happen to the mobility sector in India. Namely, we'll list these 3 scenarios and what they could mean to the EV charging infrastructure in India:

### 1\. EVs on the Road Outstrip the Needed EV Charging Infrastructure

While this scenario is unlikely, this would be the **worst possible outcome**. India will have to deploy an efficient EV charging infrastructure on time. Otherwise, EV charging will snowball into a **costly endeavor**. A big chunk of public charging infrastructure investment could also become a sunk cost. This will all slow down EV adoption even further. Ultimately, the country could **miss the EV30@30 pledge** it has made in this scenario.

### 2\. Unplanned Deployment of EV Charging Infrastructure Creates Inefficient Public Charging Networks 

Deploying an efficient nationwide charging network needs several considerations. Additionally, infrastructure deployment requires a **massive collaboration**. Specifically, the government, utilities, private/ public companies, startups, and the media should all work together.

End-users use public EV charging infrastructure far less than gas/petrol stations. The country needs a highly optimized strategy for deployments. Otherwise, some chargers on the network could get isolated. This will certainly lead to a sunk cost. Additionally, for EV charging infrastructure to be efficient, **the positioning of fast and slow chargers** needs to be optimal. An inefficient approach would limit EV adoption rates around hyper-localized regions. 

### 3\. India Leads the Way for Emerging Economies

Deploying a nationwide charging network is challenging. However, India should look at this as a necessary task. This is also an opportunity to **market a successful EV business model**. Other emerging economies can then use this model. 

Consumers' EV charging needs vary vastly across different countries. This means India can't deploy an inexpensive version of a Western business model. Rather, the country should **encourage a "leading" kind of EV ecosystem**. The rest of the world should want to reference India's business model.

Before planning a nationwide EV charging network, decision-makers have a few things to consider. Let's take a deeper look at some of the **key considerations**.

## 3 Factors to Consider When Planning India's EV Charging Infrastructure

### 1\. Business Model: Creating an EV Charging Marketplace 

#### Current Scenario

[The Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions states](https://leg.wa.gov/JTC/Documents/Studies/EV/FinalReport_EVChargingNetworksWEB.pdf) that charging stations can't possibly rely on direct revenue from EV charging services. Most EV charging happens **privately at home**, so it isn't financially feasible. 

To ensure mass rollouts globally, governments have favored EV charging businesses. In some cases, these businesses are **exempt from regulations on utilities**. In others, they operate as **pure commercial service businesses**. 

What does this mean? EV charging infrastructure providers give electricity to consumers. However, they aren't tied to the regulations that utilities need to follow. As a result, this creates a **lower entry barrier** in the charging infrastructure market 

Many new business models around charging have also started to emerge across the globe. Below, we take a look at some of **the most common of these business models**. We'll also see how applicable they are to India. 

#### 6 Business Model Examples

Below are the **6 most common EV charging business models** found across the globe.

![Graph-Option-2-1024x736.jpg](/uploads/Graph_Option_2_1024x736_6bb3d14b41.jpg)
<figcaption>6 different models for EV charging infrastructure.</figcaption>

Slow chargers aren't highly cost-intensive per unit. However, the volumes of slow chargers needed in India are extremely high since India has a **large share of 2- and 3-wheeled EVs**. Additionally, fast chargers can require a much higher initial capital cost to deploy, almost 10 to 100 times that of slow chargers. This means that **making charging stations profitable** would require a strategic approach. That's especially true in emerging economies where consumers are also highly cost-conscious. 

The involved cost structures are also high. Distribution companies (DISCOMs) in India aren't currently ready for the EV transition yet. That means the ideal solution for India is to **adopt Germany and Finland's business models**. India should promote a **marketplace model** where CPOs and EV users make direct transactions. 

### 2\. Quantifying Charging Needs for a City 

Next, India will have to consider the **actual execution of charger deployment**. Historically speaking, EV charging infrastructure around the world is expanding outward from Tier 1 cities. Thus, to plan EV charging infrastructure deployment, a necessary step is to **define and quantify the following key criteria:**

#### Charging Loads to the Existing Electricity Infrastructure

As the number of EVs on the road grows, the load on the electrical grid will also increase. Planning authorities need to understand this data, then execute grid balancing operations accordingly.

#### EV End-User Battery Charging Patterns and Behaviors 

EV charging patterns will vary drastically from petrol/gas stations. Most EV users will charge their vehicles at home or at work. This means the **charging behavior of users** is also critical to understand. Utilities should know when they'll face higher loads from EV charging depending on the time of day, geographical location, and so on. India needs to identify the **peak EV load demands** at each time of the day. Then, this will help offset any grid failures.

#### Slow and Fast Chargers in Different Locations

India specifically requires **fast charging along highway routes**. The country also needs a dense network of slow chargers in more populated areas. Fast chargers placed strategically within city limits will be a valuable add-on. However, this wouldn't restrict EV adoption largely if unavailable immediately. India needs to identify the **most optimized charger placement**. To do this, the country should consider **charger types, numbers needed, and user behavior**. This will also be critical to meeting charging demand. 

#### The Need for EV Chargers Will Increase Soon

City-level planning authorities need to consider the fact that the 'ubiquity of chargers' can solve many issues. That includes charger availability, charger malfunctions, and so on. One good metric to understand these needs is the **predicted total number of chargers needed in a year**. Similarly, the country will need to consider the **year-on-year increase in peak EV loads**. This will help predict the number of chargers needed as the EV market in India grows.

#### Updates to the Electricity Grid To Handle Future Loads

The EV market is fairly new to India. Yet, by 2030, the **peak loads could be far larger** than what the current electricity grid infrastructure can support. Additionally, any investment into renewable energy-based charging solutions might also warrant a similar infrastructure upgrade. Thus, the country needs** city-level grid planning**. Investments should also be based on **EV adoption throughout the year**. This will all be critical to understanding the costs involved now and in the future. 

City-level planning will aid in the **efficient execution of charging infrastructure deployment**. However, decision-makers need to look into some additional considerations, specifically around Indian consumer behaviors. Many aspects of the Indian EV ecosystem need to be **carefully crafted around these consumer patterns**. In the next section, we take a more detailed look at these behaviors. We'll also see how they impact charging infrastructure deployment.

### 3\. The Indian EV Consumer

Many Indian consumers are interested in and willing to buy EVs. Namely, their motivation is to battle climate change. Likewise, the same consumers have **technological adoption concerns**. As a result, they're reluctant to transition to EVs. Below are some key considerations that **help potential EV customers** in India adopt this technology:

#### Indian Automobile Consumers Care About Initial/Running Costs

Indian automobile consumers are extremely **conscious of the initial cost of entry**. They also care about running costs. OEMs manufacturing EVs locally can gain subsidies, which can help lower the customer's total ownership costs. On the charging side, consumers are likely to **prefer slow chargers**. They're also incentivized to opt-in for any subsidies available on electricity tariffs. 

#### 2- And 3-Wheeled EVs Are Well-suited for Indian Roads

EVs are generally well-suited to Indian driving conditions. Within the **2- and 3-wheeled EV segments**, the switch to EVs is growing. These vehicle types have smaller battery capacities and they're suited for slow charging standards. As a result, 2- and 3-wheelers are likely to demand charging infrastructure first. 

#### Lacking Awareness of Consumers

Potential EV customers in India still **lack a certain level of awareness**. They don't know about range anxiety, battery life, and charging availability. Customers won't face these issues with value-added services. They could get route planning options and real-time information on charge point locations and charging costs. However, this will require a comprehensive **educational initiative** across government and media to help ease the transition to new technology.

#### Simple Payment Management Systems

EV Charging also needs a **simple and easy-to-use** payment system integrated with a charger management system. These should also **track and document all direct transactions** between charging point owners and EV users. Additionally, with several EV charger plug types currently in use), charging point operators should also focus on **compatibility**. This will help cater to a wider variety of vehicle types.

Now that we've seen the 3 factors to consider before rolling out an EV charging infrastructure in India, let's dive into **our recommendations**.

## Recommendations

After discussing these strategic considerations, we at BOLT also have some further **recommendations for EV charging infrastructure**. We've separated them into **4 categories**:

### 1\. The Government Needs To:

-   Develop a comprehensive strategy for nationwide public EV Charging infrastructure deployment
-   Refine regulations around electricity distribution for EV charging 
-   Align private and public EV ecosystem players towards India's unique needs arising from the higher population density and relatively smaller average distances traveled by commuters daily
-   Clarify the long-term role of state-owned utilities and DISCOMs in setting up EV charging infrastructure
-   Specify regulations around grid services and vehicle-grid integration
-   Address citizens' concerns about range anxiety and EV charging infrastructure issues
-   Inform citizens about the environmental and cost benefits of transitioning to EVs

### 2\. The EV Industry and Ecosystem Needs To:

-   Address the immediate need for 2- and 3-Wheeler EVs and the consequently required charging infrastructure, with a safe and connected experience 
-   Deploy and maintain large charging point networks and cater to the demand for chargers up to 2030 and beyond (for CPOs)
-   Educate citizens about range anxiety and EV charging infrastructure issues and about the benefits of transitioning to EVs

### 3\. The DISCOMs Need To:

-   Develop programs with CPOs/MSPs that encourage customers to notify DISCOMs when they register a new EV or buy an automated charging point for public use
-   Offer incentives for charging systems with some automated control capabilities to gain network visibility into EV charging demands
-   Offer the right signals to the user, enabling them to choose the best charging option that includes time-of-use or location-based price signals to manage grid loads effectively
-   Educate citizens on incentives and subsidies for EVs and EV charging 

### 4\. The Media Needs To:

-   Highlight the right educational stories around alleviating concerns among EV users about range anxiety, charger availability, cost of ownership, and so on
-   Assist in democratizing information about the technology transition to EVs, the new charging paradigm, and the benefits of making this switch

When the citizens are well-informed, it'll be easy to **convince them to transition to EVs**. In turn, the market will also benefit from the **booming EV charging infrastructure**. Then, India will be at the forefront of the ongoing **global transition to clean transport**.

## To Summarize

In this final part of our 3-part EV charging infrastructure series, we've discussed our recommendations for EV charging infrastructure deployment. We've also showcased the **necessary factors the city supervisory body should consider** in implementing the EV charging infrastructure. This third installation has also outlined BOLT's **recommendations to bolster EV charging infrastructure growth**. We hope the government, industry, DISCOMs, and other related parties consider our findings. Adhering to an optimized plan will surely help India **reach its EV30@30 pledge**.

In all, we've been able to **address all the risks and summarize all the opportunities** that will come from the EV transition. [Our mission at BOLT](https://bolt.earth/platform#why) is to ensure the proper growth of India's EV charging infrastructure. To that end, we hope our market analysis has brought enough awareness to India's EV users and governmental officials.

### FAQ

<details>
<summary>What should the Indian government do to support the EV charging infrastructure?</summary>
The government should inform citizens about the potential issues in the country's EV infrastructure. It should also showcase the health and cost benefits of adopting EVs. That'll enable citizens to head towards EVs, which also creates EV charging infrastructure opportunities.
</details>

<details>
<summary>What are some business models in the EV charging marketplace?</summary>
Some stores may offer free charging, and it increases attraction to their business. Other companies may also adopt a subscription fee model where the owners and end-users pay the provider a fee. In all, these business models can support a country's EV charging infrastructure growth.
</details>

<details>
<summary>What are some opportunities for the EV charging infrastructure?</summary>
As India's EV charging infrastructure grows, it'll create many opportunities in the market. For example, data analytic businesses can emerge to assist CPOs and DISCOMs. Solar energy-powered stations can also pop up to support the EV charging infrastructure. Contact BOLT to learn more about the best EV charging infrastructure solutions.
</details>

<details>
<summary>What are some risks in the EV sector?</summary>
The EV charging infrastructure in India may face many risks. For example, there may be reduced revenue from the fossil fuel tax. 25% of the central government's revenue comes from this tax. The EV charging infrastructure also lacks regulations and clarity. This makes cross-platform usage hard to achieve.
</details>

<details>
<summary>What EV type is prominent in the Indian market as of 2022?</summary>
2- and 3-wheeler EVs lead the Indian market in sales volumes (34% for 2-wheelers and 33% for 3-wheelers). These EVs need smaller battery capacity and can use standard AC outlets to charge. These EVs also help lower carbon emissions, so they're better for the environment. Finally, 2 and 3-wheeler EVs have lower running costs.
</details>

## Resources

#### BOLT: Part 1: EV Charging Infrastructure 

Discover our [assessment of India's EV charging infrastructure](https://blog.bolt.earth/ev-charging-infrastructure-pt-1/).

#### BOLT: Part 2: EV Charging Infrastructure

Learn about the [business opportunities and risks](https://blog.bolt.earth/ev-charging-infrastructure-pt-2/) for India's EV charging infrastructure.

#### BOLT: Our Partners

Find out [who's supporting BOLT](https://bolt.earth/partners) in developing India's EV charging infrastructure.

#### BOLT: BOLT OS

Get [the best EV charging network app](https://bolt.earth/platform).

#### BOLT: Guide to Install a Home EV Charger

Learn how you can [install a home EV charger from BOLT](https://bolt.earth/bolt#self-guided).

Blog-Banner.jpg

Part 3: EV Charging Infrastructure in India – Strategic Recommendations

#### Discover the numerous business opportunities in India's EV charging infrastructure

Recently, the Indian government has focused on following a uniform strategy for their **EV charging infrastructure**. They also aim to bolster EV adoption in the country. BOLT operates the world's largest EV charging network and marketplace. We also currently occupy a 50% market share of India's EV charging network with the chargers we deployed. As such, we want to become the default EV charging solution for EV users across India. 

The [first part of this series](https://blog.bolt.earth/2022/06/07/ev-charging-infrastructure-pt-1/) was a market analysis of the current Indian EV charging infrastructure. This part will focus on EV transition in India. First, we'll show the opportunities it creates for the country's industry and society. Then, we'll also discuss **some risks associated with this surge**.

Let's delve into India's **3 prime opportunities** with its growing EV charging infrastructure.

## 3 Opportunities for India in Deploying EV Charging Infrastructure

### 1. Tier 1 and Tier 2 Indian Cities May Not Need Large Scale Public Charging Infrastructure

According to the **International Energy Agency (IEA)**, almost [90% of the existing EV charging points](https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2021/prospects-for-electric-vehicle-deployment) are private slow chargers. This isn't surprising, considering **EV user charging patterns**. In fact, 80% of all EV charging is done at homes and workplaces. There, vehicles spend most of their time parked. 

The NITI Aayog vice-chairman also states that the current EV [**battery capacity**](https://www.niti.gov.in/how-india-can-plug-electric-vehicle-charging-infra-holes) **is** much **higher than** the average **distance traveled** in a day within the city.

![Graph-11-1024x736.jpg](/uploads/Graph_11_1024x736_a68cbce6d3.jpg)

Current EV Vehicle ranges in India are comfortably larger than the average distances traveled by commuters across the board. 

This all means most EV owners won't use public EV charging points much. That said, private and commercial EVs may need them periodically. That's especially if they travel longer ranges. India also won't need large government investment in EV charging infrastructure. Most EV charging stations would be privately owned. That means India only needs enough public charging sites to manage the demand for long-range EV transportation.

A **unified approach to charging infrastructure** needs to occur. Otherwise, the infrastructure won't be adopted and utilized by commercial enterprises. It wouldn't make sense to roll out EV charging for commercial vehicles by district. That's because long-ranged vehicles would need nationwide coverage. Instead, a **nationwide approach** should **expand infrastructure with a focus on motorways**. Then, the infrastructure should propagate to lesser-used commercial routes.

#### Key Take-Aways 

- **Indian cities can become EV ready.** They simply need a few thousand strategically-placed universal EV charging stations. 
- **Public EV charging infrastructure will still have low usage** until EVs reach a tipping point because most EV charging happens at home. 

### 2\. India Is a 2 and 3 Wheeler-Led Market by Volume, Possibly Catered by Slow Charging Standards

![Graph-22-1024x626.jpg](/uploads/Graph_22_1024x626_f80ee6b5ad.jpg)
<figcaption>Two and Three-Wheelers are taking over the Indian EV market.</figcaption>

>Today, the upfront initial capital costs for EVs are generally larger than Internal combustion engine-based vehicles. However, 2- and 3-wheeler EVs have already reached price parity in India.

As of July 2021, 2-wheel (2W) and 3-wheel (3W) EVs accounted for 98% of the current Indian EV sales. These segments require only smaller battery capacities. That means most EVs in this sector can use **a standard AC outlet to charge**. 

CPOs especially have a significant opportunity here. They could develop a holistic network of **smart and connected slow charging points**. This segment can also use IoT-enabled EV charging! This advancement won't need expensive EV charging infrastructure upgrades. It also doesn't require significant regulatory or market reforms. 

Electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) need help with demand planning. To achieve that, we need **a foundational smart charging point-based layer**. It'll then grant extreme network visibility into EV charging trends. 

#### Key Take-Aways 

- **In India, the electrification case particularly suits the 2- and 3-wheeler segments,** and it's very robust. That means it'll see rapid growth. 
- **The first EV charging network generation can happen in India without new charging technology.** It's possible through a peer-to-peer free-market and a consumer-driven charging marketplace setup.

### 3\. Improved Grid Management Requires New Data and Analytics Businesses

![Graph-33-1024x728.jpg](/uploads/Graph_33_1024x728_781bb44903.jpg)
<figcaption>Grid-powered stations, Solar charging stations, and energy management systems are all arising businesses.</figcaption>

Today, most EV charging infrastructure players focus on powering EV charging stations with the existing electricity infrastructure. However, we might see a **shift towards renewable energy-powered charging stations** soon. Eventually, the EV charging infrastructure will also move towards **end-to-end energy distribution** and management solutions for EV charging. 

In this eventuality, CPOs that operate large public EV charging infrastructures will want to make charging patterns more visible. They'll also need to visualize the long-term peak demand trends. 

DISCOMs will also need to suggest the right pricing signals to EV customers. That way, they can optimize grid balancing efforts. EV charging, as a commodity, should operate on a decentralized free-market model. In turn, it'll facilitate load management and grid balancing through pricing economics. DISCOMs will also gain visibility from CPOs. This means DISCOMs can ensure that supply-demand economics will act as checks and balances for peak load challenges in the long run.

#### Key Take-Aways 

- **EV charging points will evolve over time,** moving away from simple grid-connected charging points. Instead, they'll become smart, connected charging networks optimized for energy management. 
- **A robust EV charging infrastructure market in India will provide many opportunities.** For example, it'll enable revenue augmentation for DISCOMS and distribution network upgrades. It'll also encourage private companies and start-ups to set up a reliable charging point network.

Since we've discussed the opportunities, we can now move on to see the risks. Most notably, we can count 3 risks in the EV charging infrastructure in India.

## 3 Risks for India in Deploying EV Charging Infrastructure

### 1. 2 and 3-Wheeler Segments Are Growing, Charge Management Lacks Network Visibility 

In this section, we'll take a look at 3 risks that may impact the nationwide growth of EV charging infrastructure in India. As we've discussed above, most risks will not fall on the majority of EV users. Rather, they will impact commercial usage. For many companies, their success depends on range, reach, and fast charging. To assess the risks involved, we've split up EVs by vehicle type. In turn, this will reflect their use case.

![Graph-44-1024x626.jpg](/uploads/Graph_44_1024x626_b11b0d10b2.jpg)
<figcaption>Learn the consumer trends, dominate the market.</figcaption>

By 2030, India's 2-wheeler segment electrification is expected to grow rapidly. It'll also be a leading market segment. 

EV drivers can charge their new EVs using a standard Indian AC outlet. That means DISCOMs may **not know where EV demand rises from**. The lack of smart and connected IoT-based charging points will also pose a risk for DISCOMs. They'll operate **without consumer trend visibility**. 

The additional electric load on the nation's grid won't cause any challenges. In fact, **electricity shortage isn't an issue** for mass EV adoption. This is only a myth. [According to BloombergNEF](https://about.bnef.com/electric-vehicle-outlook/), electrifying all road transport will only add 25% to global electricity demand by 2050. Electricity generation in India as of March 2022 is 448.11 GW. Yet, the country uses only 180 GW at present. Assuming constant population growth and demand, India can already **support a nationwide EV charging network**.

#### Key Take-Aways

-   **Standard outlets are found anywhere in India, which can facilitate charging.** Yet, a huge segment of the EV population could be adding battery charging loads. DISCOMs won't be aware of these patterns. As a result, they may fail to implement proper demand planning.
-   **The lack of a connected charging network could lead to serious grid stability issues** as EV usage grows. Vehicle-Grid Integration solutions will also be a critical risk if left unresolved. For example, we can mention the EV charging management solutions that mitigate the negative impacts of uncontrolled EV charging on the power system.
-   **India already generates enough electrical energy** to support a nationwide EV charging network and cater for future population requirements.

### 2. EV Ecosystem Management Lack Regulatory Clarity

India's regulations lack provisions for EVs, specifically the principles or implementation models for resource utilization. In turn, companies that want to provide grid services and vehicle grid integration are facing a **major barrier to implementation.**

India also doesn't clarify the **long-term role of state-owned utilities** that are working to deploy EV charging stations. This lack of clarity poses an issue.

#### Key Take-Aways

-   **Policymakers haven't clearly defined the long-term role of state-owned utilities.** They also didn't address the evolution of EV charging tariffs. 
-   **Policy provisions are lacking** for ethical user data handling and privacy. 
-   **Cross-platform usage is hard to achieve** with the unclear strategy of registration for charging usage. 

### 3\. Revenue for Governments from Fuel Taxes Will Likely  Reduce

In the long run, EV adoption will **replace oil products with electricity**. This will impact government taxation. In turn, it may impact EV incentives. This may also elevate road tax to compensate. In addition, the revenue from EV charging and usage may **not fully offset the revenues** from fossil fuel tax. The net tax loss is also due to **EVs being more energy-efficient** than traditional vehicles. 

Not all crude oil is fractionally distilled or used as automotive fuel. Even though **EV growth will reduce dependency on crude oil**, it won't end it. This means the Indian government will still receive revenue from taxing trade on crude oil.

#### Key Take-Aways

-   **The EV market is evolving rapidly,** but India isn't suffering significantly from the net tax loss just yet. 
-   **Net fuel tax losses might also become extremely significant** as EV uptake increases.
-   **Governments will anticipate taxation changes** while designing mechanisms that support EV deployment. 

## Final Thoughts

The Indian EV charging infrastructure is still developing. As a result, **many opportunities can arise** for the Indian commercial sector. First, Indias' EV market won't need extensive charging point installations. Second, the EV charging infrastructure won't need further development to be fully functional. Finally, this evolution will **create many business opportunities for DISCOMS.  **

That said, the EV charging infrastructure deployment isn't without risk. **Regulatory clarity** is one of the largest challenges faced by India at present. In addition, the Indian government may **lose revenue from future fossil fuel tax.** This may make EV adoption unappealing. That said, this loss may be balanced by an increase in road tax. 

BOLT supports India's government in **implementing a nationwide infrastructure.** That way, we support EV adoption. [Here at BOLT](https://bolt.earth/about), we're keen to see how state officials implement public EV charging infrastructure. As the largest market share (50%) EV charging network supplier, our offering goes beyond charging hardware. We provide **a whole charging solution.** In future activities, we hope to work hand-in-hand to roll-out a total charging solution. We will help private and commercial transport users get where they need to go.

### FAQ

<details>
<summary>What are the challenges to owning an EV in India?</summary>
EV owners face many challenges. For example, you may lack mechanical service options. You may also notice a lack of standardization in connector types and parking spots. Finally, you may even worry about a lack of EV charging infrastructure for long-range travels. <a href="https://bolt.earth/about">Here at BOLT</a>, we aim to support the EV surge in the country.
</details>

<details>
<summary>What are the EV benefits in India?</summary>
EVs reduce noise pollution and carbon emissions. EV maintenance and running costs are also lower than ICE vehicle costs. Lastly, with a proper EV charging infrastructure, EVs are very convenient to charge. <a href="https://bolt.earth/contact-us">Contact BOLT</a> to learn more about the best EV charging solutions in India.
</details>

<details>
<summary>What are some business opportunities in the EV sector?</summary>
The EV boom can pave the way for many innovative, useful businesses. For example, it can promote a battery swapping and recycling industry. We can also see a rise in EV parts manufacturing. It's also possible to see solar EV charging mechanisms. The EV charging infrastructure is bright, and <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/bolt-installs-10k-ev-charging-points-in-india-fast-tracks-its-expansion-plans-122032401121_1.html">BOLT is growing</a> these opportunities.
</details>

<details>
<summary>Why should India use electric cars?</summary>
To achieve Net Zero Emissions, India needs a revolution in the transportation system. One way to achieve that is through EV adoption. EVs play a very important role in reducing emissions and saving on fossil fuels. That's why India needs to improve the EV <a href="https://bolt.earth/about">charging infrastructure</a> to facilitate EV adoption in the long run.
</details>

<details>
<summary>Does India have EV charging stations?</summary>
Yes! Currently, India has 1,640+ operational public <a href="https://bolt.earth/about">charging points</a> for EVs. That's not counting the private ones installed in homes. Overall, India's EV charging infrastructure will grow as EV adoption increases. As a result, EV users will have less range anxiety.
</details>

## Resources

#### NITI Aayog: Article on the Strategy Overview for EV Charging 

Learn about [Niti Aayog's Strategy Overview on the EV Charging Infrastructure in India](https://www.niti.gov.in/how-india-can-plug-electric-vehicle-charging-infra-holes).

#### BEE India: Study on the Indian EV Charging Infrastructure

Read this [technical study on the EV Charging Infrastructure in India](https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_releases/2019%20-%20EY%20to%20BEE%20-%20Technical%20study%20on%20EVs%20%26%20Charging%20Infrastructure.pdf). 

#### JMK Research & Analytics: Article on the Indian EV Charging Infrastructure 

Discover this [market research on the EV Charging Infrastructure in India](https://jmkresearch.com/electric-vehicles-published-reports/evolving-ev-charging-infrastructure-in-india/). 

#### NITI Aayog: Handbook on EV Charging

Get the [handbook for EV Charging Infrastructure](https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-08/HandbookforEVChargingInfrastructureImplementation081221.pdf) by Niti Aayog.

#### Shakti Foundation: Article on Vehicle Grid Integration

Learn more about [Vehicle Grid Integration](https://shaktifoundation.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Executive-Summary_Vehicle-Grid-Integration.pdf). 

#### RMI India: Article on DISCOM Readiness

Read this [Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: A Guide for DISCOM Readiness](https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2020/08/EV-Readiness-Guide_Haryana_Lighthouse_Discom_Programme.pdf), a collaborative by Niti Aayog, RMI India, and Rocky Mountain Institute.

#### ISGF: Article on EV Station Business Models

Discover [Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Business Models](https://indiasmartgrid.org/reports/ISGF%20White%20Paper%20-%20EVSE%20Business%20Models%20for%20India.pdf) for India

#### ISGF: Article on Electricity Tariff for EV Charging

Read about [Electric Vehicle Policies and Electricity Tariff for EV Charging](https://indiasmartgrid.org/reports/ISGF-Study-Report-EVCharging-India_July2019.pdf) in India.

Developing-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Infrastructure-in-India–Business-Opportunities-and-Risk.jpg

Part 2: Developing Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in India–Business Opportunities and Risks

## Explore the rapidly growing EV charging market in India


Since the beginning of 2020, the electric and connected car market has drawn more than [$100 billion](https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/why-the-automotive-future-is-electric) in investment globally. Over the past two years, India has also witnessed a **rapid increase in the market penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs)** and **EV charging points**.


In the past four months alone, electric charging stations in India have increased by more than two-and-half times. The Council on Energy, Environment, and Water (CEEW) claims that the Indian EV industry will be worth $206 billion by 2030 if India meets its Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) EV30@30 pledge. The CEM is a global forum that is currently trying to get all governments to help facilitate at least 30% of all automotive sales to be EV by 2030. This pledge isn’t legally binding, but provides a useful target for governments to align with. That said, it appears to be more than achievable in India based on current infrastructural growth rates, as seen in the figure below, led by 2 Wheeler and 3 Wheeler EV sales.

![prva-slika.jpg](/uploads/prva_slika_f66d677c42.jpg)
<figcaption>EV sales in India are looking good even throughout the pandemic.</figcaption>

The Indian government is currently focusing on developing a long-term strategic plan for electric vehicle adoption in India. In general, it’s planning to set up a vast array of charging points throughout India by investing in infrastructure improvements. If you didn’t know already, BOLT is already the largest EV infrastructure solution provider in India. This means we’re very excited by India’s EV adoption plans. To this end, we at BOLT decided to conduct our own market analysis and report findings here. We hope that this information will help illuminate what key requirements the Indian Government, startups, and the EV community need to consider, to set up a nationwide EV charging infrastructure.

### What To Expect in This Article

In this article, we present what the **current EV charging infrastructure** looks like in India. 

In addition, we also present you with the **growth potential of India’s EV transition** up until 2030. Our analysis here will clarify the **opportunities the EV transition presents** to the Indian industrial sector and society, and we can also give **strategic recommendations to the Indian government** and community leaders. 

This article is the first in a three-part series where we analyze the market and specifically focus on EV charging infrastructure in India. Let’s initially take a look at BOLT and why we’re a leading authority in the EV infrastructure marketplace.

## Why BOLT?

BOLT is a **venture-backed Electric Vehicle (EV) Ecosystem** [hardware and software business](https://bolt.earth/bolt#what). We also operate the world's largest peer-to-peer EV charging network and marketplace. Powered by the [BOLT Operating System (OS)](https://bolt.earth/platform#why) and the BOLT Charging Network, we're focused on **creating a safe, smart, and connected ecosystem** for EV users worldwide. In doing so, we aim to make range anxiety a thing of the past.

[BOLT's **clients and partners**](https://bolt.earth/partners) **include EV OEMs** like Hero Electric, TVS, Bosch, Okinawa, BattRE, Zypp, and Sun Mobility. We also work with **infrastructure management players**, like MyGate, Park+, and more. BOLT has already installed [10,000+ EV charging points](https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/bolt-installs-10k-ev-charging-points-in-india-fast-tracks-its-expansion-plans-122032401121_1.html) worldwide, and we're on track to deploy 100,000+ more in the next 6 months. We're also hoping to install 250,000 charging points across India within the next year.

>As an ecosystem player with B2B clients on the EV OEM side and B2C clients on the charging infrastructure side, BOLT is perfectly positioned to leverage a network of information nodes that represent the state of the market today.

Read on as we give you an overview of India’s EV ecosystem in the following section.

## An Overview of India's EV Ecosystem 

In 2021, India's EV growth was 168% up on its previous year with 122607 EV units. Leading analysts expect this growth to continue throughout 2022 and also continue at an accelerated pace. In this section, we'll take a look at infrastructure and future growth predictions.

### EV and EV Charging Infrastructure in India Future Adoption Predictions

Take a look at these **3 predictions for the growth of the EV market in India:**
1.  The Society of Manufacturers of Electric Vehicles (SMEV) predicts India will hit the 1 million sales mark for EVs by the end of 2022 (based on current sales trends).
2.  The India Energy Storage Alliance (IESA) expects the EV market to hit 6.34 million annual unit sales by 2027. 
3.  The Council on Energy, Environment, and Water (CEEW) and Center for Energy Finance report that the cumulative EV sales in India from 2021 to 2030 will be around 102 million units.

![2.png](/uploads/2_1aeb36b6dc.png)
<figcaption>Estimated EV sales in India between 2021-2030.</figcaption>

### Our Assessment

The above projections all have an underlying theme: India is seeing a **strong push toward transitioning to EV-based mobility**. That, in effect, will bring a host of radical changes in the way India's citizens move around. 

Many factors are driving this growth in EV sales, indicating the Indian **EV market is nearing an inflection point**. EVs are expected to penetrate the different vehicle categories with varying adoption rates. Overall, the 2W EV and 3W EV markets will see rapid electrification in the near future. Rapid growth in 4W EV markets will likely begin between 2026 and 2027.

### Key Findings

Given the new EV influx in the Indian automobile market, we'll need an **adequate EV charging infrastructure network**. It isn't hard to see how these two events are closely linked. Currently, the infrastructure may be the biggest barrier to EV transition in India.

### India's EV Charging Infrastructure Market

The EV charging infrastructure network in India is evolving. Several private, startups, and government entities are currently engaged in developing deployment strategies. Take a look at these examples. 

- In January 2020, the [DHI approved](https://jmkresearch.com/electric-vehicles-published-reports/evolving-ev-charging-infrastructure-in-india/) setting up **2,636 EV charging stations** across 62 cities in 24 states and union territories (UTs) of India. These include 1,633 fast-charging stations and 1,003 slow-charging stations. The Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI) also sanctioned 241 additional charging stations in September 2020. 
- By 2030, [the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)](https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_releases/2019%20-%20EY%20to%20BEE%20-%20Technical%20study%20on%20EVs%20%26%20Charging%20Infrastructure.pdf) predicts that 2.26 Million charging points will be required in Delhi, 0.62 Million charging points in Lucknow, and 0.26 Million charging points in Nagpur.

The key market players are a good mix of government-backed entities and private companies. They're also looking to **grow their installed base capacities** to make several Indian cities 'EV-Ready' in terms of charging infrastructure deployments next year.

![Graph-.png](/uploads/Graph_d3a81fbff7.png)
<figcaption>Total number of current public charging points in India by vendor.</figcaption>

### Our Assessment

Private home EV charging is also expected to dominate the market by 2030 in both numbers and capacity, given the sheer volume of 2-wheeled and 3-wheeled vehicles in India. The **Private EV charging at-work segment will also need chargers**. Until 2030, slow chargers will dominate the public charging infrastructure, but public fast chargers will also see a significant uptick.

We're already moving towards a trend of total disruption in India, which will see **Charge Point Operators (CPOs)** adapt to the evolving market changes. CPOs' hesitancy to invest in new ideas and technologies or engage in major collaborations or acquisitions will also fail to capture key market positions.

### Key Finding

The EV sector in India will expect access to efficient charging infrastructure. CPOs need to prepare for a disruptive change in mobility. The Indian EV market is still in the development stage, but the market is **heading toward making charging a commodity**, just like oil or gas. In other words, the phrase: **'electricity is the new fuel'** is gaining more merit.  

### Additional Opportunities in Charging

1. **Network Visibility in Charging:** IoT-enabled platforms can make EV charging electricity lines smart by offering information on the infrastructure, location, availability, and real-time status.
2. **Ease of use of charging infrastructure:** Payment methods and charging initialization is crucial in allowing EV users to transition.
3. **Data and Analytics:** Geospatial data, network visibility, traffic density, and charging demand are also necessary to support a strategic deployment of a charging infrastructure across a city.
4. **Smart Charging Points:** Smart, connected, IoT-enabled charging points that allow for monitoring of EV charging will develop as the surviving business model grows. The idea of creating separate electricity lines for EVs in India at all locations might not be feasible, given the costs and complexity involved. 
5. **Alternative charging technologies:** Alternative charging methods, like inductive charging, might find a market in India to solve space availability and cabling issues.

## The Value Chain of the Indian EV Ecosystem

In terms of a public EV charging infrastructure, the value chain has had a few specific roles. Let's take a look at **6 of these:**

![cetri.jpg](/uploads/cetri_5ff798cca6.jpg)
<figcaption>EV ecosystems provide an integrated approach to EV charging.</figcaption>

1. **Energy Suppliers and Distribution Companies (DISCOMs):** Responsible for the supply of electricity at regulated tariffs for consumption by electric vehicles. DISCOMs need to understand where and when they're facing peak demands to operate efficiently. 
2. **EVSE and EV Charging Point Manufacturer:** The charging equipment manufacturers who design, develop, and sell their own charging points or EVSE. 
3. **Installation and Maintenance Providers:** Responsible for the installation of chargers at locations desired by charging point real estate providers and ensuring device maintenance over time. 
4. **Charge Point Operators (CPOs):** Responsible for setting up, managing, and operating an EV charging station network for semi-public or public use. CPOs may directly own the charging points or operate the chargers on behalf of the charging point owners.
5. **Mobility Service Providers (MSPs):** Responsible for helping EV users locate and provide the user interfaces to conduct transactions at EV charging points. They also enable "roaming" for EV users subscribed to one CPO, and to use another CPO's charging networks. CPOs may also sometimes act as MSPs. 
6. **EV End Users and Charging Point Real Estate Providers:** Include both EV and EV charging station buyers.

## The Path Forward: Future EV Charging Trends in 2022

The future evolution of the previously-mentioned points will mean that value chain integration will force some segment absorption. Ultimately, only a few players across the chain will survive in the market. Who will it be? The ones that undergo continuous upgrades in their business models. On the end-user side, **charging point real-estate providers will have to cope with increased peak loads**. For example, we can think of providers like shopping centers, food courts, parking spaces, and apartment complexes. In this section, we define key EV charging trends that will influence the way India adopts EV technology.

### CPO and MSP Roles

In BOLT's opinion, the CPOs and MSPs form the more crucial part of this value chain. We also think they're perfectly placed to expand across the entire value chain. What's more, these entities are currently the **most active players in the market**, with a huge first-mover advantage. When CPOs reach a certain critical size and scale, MSPs will have a high incentive to collaborate with them.

Conversely, CPOs will feel as if they're battling to expand their charging networks. Smaller players will most likely become aggregated, even at this growing stage. That way, CPOs **secure the more strategically attractive charging locations** for their slow/fast-charging services.

A small number of MSPs in India currently take up a significant chunk of the market share. Still, this trend will likely change rapidly as more players emerge over the next two years. 

### EV Market: Future Trajectory and Advantages

We expect the market to **follow global trends** and move towards 'plug and charge' standards. We also see these in the U.S., Europe, and Asia, where the standard automatically identifies what type of EV you're plugging in and bills you accordingly. In market dynamics, that gives CPOs and MSPs closely tied to EV OEMs an added advantage. That's because they'll be able to **choose to create a closed ecosystem** of EV charging customers.

>For CPOs, the EV Ecosystem is all about scaling up – it’s a winner-takes-all market dynamic. For MSPs, the key to success will depend on how well they expand their network and diversify their operations in collaboration with the largest CPOs.

## Final Thoughts

As the world adopts EVs more and more, it’s important to develop a proper EV charging infrastructure. That’s also the case in India, where **EV adoption is increasing**. To us, it’s important to **analyze the current infrastructure** state. Otherwise, we can’t know where it’s headed in the future. Here at BOLT, we encourage the Indian government to take action. We also encourage it to **benefit from the many potential advantages** of improving the infrastructure. Indian citizens and the environment alike will benefit from a robust EV charging infrastructure.

### FAQ

<details>
<summary>How big is the Indian EV charging market in 2022?</summary>
The Council on Energy, Environment, and Water (CEEW) and Center for Energy Finance (CEF) estimate around 1 million EVs will be sold in India before the end of 2022. In addition, sales are expected to increase and total around 102 million units sold before the end of 2030.
</details>

<details>
<summary>Who are the top 5 market shareholders for EV charging networks in India?</summary>
Based on recent data, around 18,274 public EV charging points have been deployed in India as of June 2022. These are currently in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Pune. The top 5 EV charging providers operating these (by market cap) are <a href="https://bolt.earth/contact-us">BOLT</a>, Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), Rajasthan Electronics And Instruments Limited (REIL), Tata Power, and EVI Technologies.
</details>

<details>
<summary>Who are the critical stakeholders in the EV charging value chain who will determine the future of EV charging in India?</summary>
Charge Point Operators who operate vast charging point networks can help determine the future of EV charging in India. Additionally, Mobility Service Providers, who provide aggregated charging services will also be responsible for the nationwide rollout of EV charging infrastructure in India.
</details>

<details>
<summary>What's the difference between slow and fast charging stations?</summary>
The main difference is the availability and usage of these stations. For starters, slow charging is usually meant for private settings. Conversely, fast charging stations might be best suited for public charging found on national highways. Secondly, fast chargers are more ideal for EVs with higher battery capacity. Finally, fast stations are more efficient per time spent charging.
</details>

<details>
<summary>Can I set up an EV charging station in India?</summary>
The Indian government has declared that anyone can create EV charging stations anywhere in the country. That said, the station needs to comply with the Indian government's specifications. This relative freedom creates an excellent opportunity for the EV value chain in India to set up and operate efficient EV charging stations. <a href="https://bolt.earth/contact-us">Contact BOLT</a> for more information about EV charging stations.
</details>

## Resources

#### NITI Aayog: Article on EV Charging Infrastructure

Discover the [NITI Aayog strategy overview](https://www.niti.gov.in/how-india-can-plug-electric-vehicle-charging-infra-holes) on charging infrastructure in India.

#### Indian Government: EV Infrastructure Study

Read this [technical study](https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_releases/2019%20-%20EY%20to%20BEE%20-%20Technical%20study%20on%20EVs%20%26%20Charging%20Infrastructure.pdf) by the Indian Government on EV charging infrastructure.

#### JMK Research & Analytics: Article on Evolving EV Charging Infrastructure

Read this [market research](https://jmkresearch.com/electric-vehicles-published-reports/evolving-ev-charging-infrastructure-in-india/) on EV charging infrastructure in India. 

#### NITI Aayog: Handbook of EV Charging Infrastructure Implementation

Get the [Handbook Of EV Charging Infrastructure](https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-08/HandbookforEVChargingInfrastructureImplementation081221.pdf) by NITI Aayog.

#### Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation: Vehicle-Grid Integration

Find out about vehicle grid integration in this useful [executive summary](https://shaktifoundation.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Executive-Summary_Vehicle-Grid-Integration.pdf).

#### RMI: Guide for DISCOM Readiness 

Read up about [DISCOM readiness ](https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2020/08/EV-Readiness-Guide_Haryana_Lighthouse_Discom_Programme.pdf)in A Guide for DISCOM Readiness by Niti Aayog.

#### India Smart Grid Forum: EV Stations Business Models

Explore electric vehicle charging station [business models](https://indiasmartgrid.org/reports/ISGF%20White%20Paper%20-%20EVSE%20Business%20Models%20for%20India.pdf) for India.

#### India Smart Grid Forum: Policies and Tariffs on EV Charging

Learn about the [electric vehicle policies and electricity tariffs](https://indiasmartgrid.org/reports/ISGF-Study-Report-EVCharging-India_July2019.pdf) for EV charging in India

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